19th Century's King and Kings period in Nepal in different kingdom

Nepal 19th cent. - 1923  Flag of the Kings 19th cent. - 1923 Rana Prime ministers 1923 - c.1930 c.1930 - 16 Dec 1962 Adopted 16 Dec 1962 Map of Nepal Hear National Anthem "Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka"  (Hundreds of Flowers) Adopted 3 Aug 2007 Former National Anthems "Ras Triya Gaan" (National Song) (16 Dec 1962 - 18 May 2006) (as Royal anthem 1899-1962, "Shree Paanchko Salaami") ----------------------------------------- "Shree Teenko Salaami" (Anthem of the Prime ministers 1899-1951) Constitution (20 Sep 2015) ---------------------------------- Interim Constitution (15 Jan 2007 - 20 Sep 2015) ---------------------------------- Former Constitution (9 Nov 1990 -15 Jan 2007) Capital: Kathmandu Currency: Nepalese Rupee (NPR); 1870-1945 Nepal Mohar (NPM) and Indian Rupee (INR) National Holiday: 29 May (2008) Republic Day ------------------------------------- 2001-2006: 7 Jul (1947) Birthday of King Gyanendra; 1972-2001: 28 Dec (1945) Birthday of King Birendra Population: 29,717,587 (2018) GDP: $79.19 billion (2017)  Exports: $818.7 million (2017) Imports: $10 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Chhettri 16.6%, Brahman-Hill 12.2%, Magar 7.1%,  Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.8%, Newar 5%, Kami 4.8%, Muslim 4.4%,  Yadav 4%, Rai 2.3%, Gurung 2%, Damai/Dholii 1.8%, Thakuri 1.6%, Limbu 1.5%, Sarki 1.4%, Teli 1.4%, Chamar/Harijan/Ram 1.3%, Koiri/Kushwaha 1.2%, other 23% (2011) Total Active Armed Forces: 95,753 (2010) Merchant marine: None (2018) Religions: Hindu 81.3%, Buddhist 9%, Muslim 4.4%, Kirant 3%, Christian 1.4%, other 0.5%, unspecified 0.2% (2011) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AIIB, APA, BIMSTEC, BTWC, CD, CP, CTBT (signatory), CWC, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OPCW, OST, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue partner), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Nepal Index Chronology 643                        Licchavi (Suryavamsa) dynasty restored; usually                              called Malla dynasty after reign of                               Jayasthitirajamalladeva (1382-95). 1484                       Joint rulers divide the state into three kingdoms,                              named after their capitals Bhaktapura                               (Bhatgaon), Banikapura (Banepa), and Kantipura                              (Kathmandu). 1546                       Additional division creates kingdom of Lalitapura                              (Lalitapatan), annexed by Nepal Oct 1768. 16..                       Banikapura annexed by Bhaktapura. 25 Sep 1768                The last ruler of Gorkha unifies the Kingdom of                              Nepal under the Shah (Saha) dynasty. 13 Nov 1769                Bhaktapura (Bhatgaon) annexed.30 Sep 1792 - 1911         Nepal a tributary of China (no missions 1852-66). 1803 - 1815                Nepal invades and occupies the Indian princely                               states of Baghal, Balsan, Bashahr, Bhajji, Bija,                              Darkoti, Dhami, Jubbal, Keonthal (to 1814),                               Kumharsain (to 1816), Kunihar, Kuthar, Mahlog,                              Mangal, Nalagarh, Sangri, Sikkim (bf.1793-1817),                              Sirmur, (Tehri-)Garhwal (from 1804) and Tharoch. 15 Mar 1816 - 21 Dec 1923  De facto British protectorate. Oct 1959                   Autonomy of principalities (rajya) in the western                              hills abolished. 15 Jan 2007                State of Nepal 28 May 2008                Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (monarchy is                              abolished). Nepal (from 1768) Provinces(from 2018) Princely States(to 2008) Bhaktapura (1673-1769) Kantipura (1687-1768) Lalitapura (1661-1768) Gorkha (1669-1768) Mustang(1656-2008) Map of Ethnic Groups in Nepa Bhaktapura (Bhatgaon) Kings¹ 1673 - 1696                Jayasumatijitamitramalla             (d. 1696) 1696 - Apr 1722            Jayabhupatindramalla                 (b. 1674 - d. 1722) Apr 1722 - 13 Nov 1769     Jyaranajitamalla                     (b. c.1695 - d. 17..) Kantipura (Kathmandu)Kings¹ 1687 - 1700                Jayabhupalendramalla                              (Jayamahipatindramalla) 1700 - 1722                Jayabhaskaramalla                              (Jayamahendrasimhamalla) 1722 - 1734                Jayajagajjayamalla 1735 - 1746                Jayaprakasamalla (1st time) 1746 - 1752                Jayajyotiprakasamalla 1752 - 25 Sep 1768         Jayaprakasamalla (2nd time) Lalitapura (Lalitapatan)Kings¹ 1661 - 1685                Jayasrinivasamalla                 (d. 1687)                              (styled Manigladhipati Maharajadhiraj) 1685 - 28 Oct 1705         Jayayoganarendramalla              (d. 1705)Nov 1705 - Oct 1706        Jayalokaprakasamalla               (b. 1698 - d. 1706)1706 - Mar 1709            Jayendramalla                      (d. 1709)1709                       Jayamahendramalla (1st time)       (d. 1715)1709                       Jayaviranarasimhamalla 1709 - 21 Jan 1715         Jayamahendramalla (2nd time)       (s.a.)1715 - Jun 1716            Jayariddhinarasimhamalla           (b. 1705 - d. 1716)1717 - Jun/Aug 1722        Jayabhaskaramalla                  (d. 1722)                             (Jayamahendrasimhamalla) 1722 - 1729                Jayayogaprakasamalla 1729 - 1745                Sri Jayavishnumalla                (d. 1745)1745 - Oct 1758            Jayarajyaprakasamalla              (d. 1758)1758 - Aug 1760            Jayavisvajitmalla                  (d. 1760)1760 - 1762                Jayaprakasamalla (1st time) 1762 - 1763                Jayaranajitmalla 1763                       Jayaprakasamalla (2nd time) 1764 - 1765                Dalamardana Shah                              (usurper, Shah dynasty of Gorkha) 1765 - Oct 1768            Jayatejanarayanasimhamalla         (d. af.1770) Gorkha (Gurkha)Rajas 1669 - 1716                Prithvipati Shah                   (d. 1716) 1716 - 1742                Narabhpati Shah                    (b. c.1697 - d. 1742) 1742 - 25 Sep 1768         Prithvinarayana Shah               (b. 1722 - d. 1775) Nepal  Kings (title Maharajadhiraja) 25 Sep 1768 - 11 Jan 1775  Prithivi Narayan Shah Deva         (s.a.) 11 Jan 1775 - 17 Nov 1777  Sinha Pratap Shah Deva             (b. 1751 - d. 1777) 17 Nov 1777 - 23 Mar 1799  Rana Bahadur Shah Deva             (b. 1775 - d. 1806) 17 Nov 1777 - 31 Aug 1778  Maharani Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi    (d. 1785)                              Devi -Regent (1st time)  2 Sep 1778 - 20 Jun 1779  Bahadur Shah -Regent (1st time)    (b. 1757 - d. 1797) 20 Jun 1779 - 13 Jul 1785  Maharani Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi    (s.a.)                              Devi -Regent (2nd time) 13 Jul 1785 -  6 Jun 1794  Bahadur Shah -Regent (2nd time)    (s.a.) 23 Mar 1799 - 20 Nov 1816  Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Deva     (b. 1797 - d. 1816) 23 Mar 1799 - Apr 1800     Maharani Raj Rajeshwari            (b. 17.. - d. 1806)                              Devi (f) -Regent (1st time) Apr 1800 - 1802            Maharani Subarna Prabha            (b. 1779 - d. 1804)                              Devi (f) -Regent    1802 - 1804                Maharani Raj Rajeshwari            (s.a.)                              Devi (f) -Regent (2nd time) 1804 - 25 Apr 1806         Rana Bahadur Shah Deva -Regent     (s.a.) 25 Apr 1806 -  6 Apr 1832  Maharani Lalit Tipura Sundari      (b. 1794 - d. 1832)                              Devi (f) -Regent 20 Nov 1816 - 12 May 1847  Rajendra Bikram Shah Deva          (b. 1813 - d. 1881)  5 Jan 1843 - Nov 1846     Kancha Maharani Rajya Lakshmi      (b. c.1814 - d. bf.1900)                              Devi (f) -Regent                              (de facto regent from 1841) 12 May 1847 - 17 May 1881  Surendra Bikram Shah Deva          (b. 1829 - d. 1881) 17 May 1881 - 11 Dec 1911  Prithivi Bir Bikram Shah Deva      (b. 1875 - d. 1911) 17 May 1881 -  8 Aug 1893  Kancha Maharani Lalit Rajeshwori   (b. 1854 - d. 1917)                               Rajya Lakshmi Devi (f) -Regent 11 Dec 1911 -  7 Nov 1950  Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah Deva    (b. 1906 - d. 1955)                              (1st time)                              (in India exile to 7 Jan 1951) 11 Dec 1911 - c.1918       Maharani Revati Raman Rajya        (b. 1878 - d. 1926)                               Lakshmi Devi Shahamam Sada                              Sabhajnabtinam (f) -Regent  7 Nov 1950 -  7 Jan 1951  Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva     (b. 1947)                              (1st time)  7 Jan 1951 - 13 Mar 1955  Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah Deva    (s.a.)                              (2nd time) 14 Mar 1955 - 31 Jan 1972  Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva      (b. 1920 - d. 1972) 31 Jan 1972 -  1 Jun 2001  Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva      (b. 1945 - d. 2001)  1 Jun 2001 -  4 Jun 2001  Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva      (b. 1971 - d. 2001)  4 Jun 2001 - 28 May 2008  Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva     (s.a.)                              (2nd time)                              (regent for Dipendra 2-4 Jun 2001;                              suspended from 15 Jan 2007) 15 Jan 2007 - 23 Jul 2008  Girija Prasad Koirala              (b. 1925 - d. 2010)  NC                              (acting head of state) Presidents 23 Jul 2008 - 29 Oct 2015  Ram Baran Yadav                    (b. 1947)            NC 29 Oct 2015 -              Bidhya Devi Bhandari (f)           (b. 1961)        CPN-UML;2018 NCP Chief ministers 1799 - 1804                Damodar Pande                      (b. 1752 - d. 1804) 1804 - 25 Apr 1806         Rana Bahadur Shah Deva             (s.a.) Apr 1806 - 1837            Bhimsen Thapa                      (b. 1775 - d. 1839) 1837                       Rana Jang Pande (1st time)         (b. 1789 - d. 1843) Dec 1837 - Aug 1838        Ranga Nath Poudyal (1st time)      (b. 1773 - d. 18..) Aug 1838 - 1839            Puskar Shah                        (b. 1784 - d. 1846) 1839 - Nov 1840            Rana Jang Pande (2nd time)         (s.a.) Nov 1840                   Ranga Nath Poudyal (2nd time)      (s.a.) Nov 1840 - Jan 1843        Fateh Jang Chautaria (1st time)    (b. 1805 - d. 1846) 28 Nov 1843 - 17 May 1845  Madhabar Singh Thapa               (b. 1798 - d. 1845) Sep 1845 - 14 Sep 1846     Fateh Jang Chautaria (2nd time)    (s.a.) Prime ministers 15 Sep 1846 -  1 Aug 1856  Jang Bahadur Kunwar (1st time)     (b. 1817 - d. 1877)                              (from 5 May 1848, Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana)  1 Aug 1856 - 25 May 1857  Bam Bahadur Kunwar Rana (acting)   (b. 1818 - d. 1857) 25 May 1857 - 28 Jun 1857  Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana        (b. 1823 - d. 1863)                              (acting) 28 Jun 1857 - 25 Feb 1877  Sir Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana       (s.a.)                              (2nd time) 27 Feb 1877 - 22 Nov 1885  Sir Ranaudip Singh Bahadur Rana    (b. 1825 - d. 1885)  Non-party 22 Nov 1885 -  5 Mar 1901  Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana     (b. 1852 - d. 1901)  Non-party                              (from 25 May 1892, Sir Bir Rana)  5 Mar 1901 - 27 Jun 1901  Deva Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana    (b. 1862 - d. 1914)  Non-party 27 Jun 1901 - 26 Nov 1929  Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1863 - d. 1929)  Non-party 26 Nov 1929 -  1 Sep 1932  Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana    (b. 1865 - d. 1932)  Non-party                              (from 24 Dec 1911, Sir Bahim Rana)  1 Sep 1932 - 29 Nov 1945  Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana  (b. 1875 - d. 1952)  Non-party                              (from 1 Jan 1917, Sir Juddha Rana) 29 Nov 1945 - 30 Apr 1948  Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana   (b. 1882 - d. 1961)  Non-party                              (from 4 Feb 1919, Sir Padma Rana) 30 Apr 1948 - 12 Nov 1951  Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana   (b. 1885 - d. 1967)  Non-party                              (from 17 Jan 1924, Sir Mohan Rana)16 Nov 1951 - 14 Aug 1952  Matrika Prasad Koirala (1st time)  (b. 1912 - d. 1997)  NC  14 Aug 1952 - 15 Jun 1953  King Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah    (s.a.)               Non-party                              Deva 15 Jun 1953 - 14 Apr 1955  Matrika Prasad Koirala (2nd time)  (s.a.)               RP 14 Apr 1956 - 27 Jan 1956  King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (s.a.)               Non-party 27 Jan 1956 - 26 Jul 1957  Tanka Prasad Acharya               (b. 1912 - d. 1992)  NPP 26 Jul 1957 - 15 Nov 1957  Kunwar Indrajit Singh              (b. 1906 - d. 1982)  UDP 15 May 1958 - 27 May 1959  Subarna Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana (b. 1910 - d. 1977)  Non-party 27 May 1959 - 15 Dec 1960  Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala         (b. 1914 - d. 1982)  NC 15 Dec 1960 -  2 Apr 1963  King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (s.a.)               Non-party                              (1st time) 26 Dec 1960 - 23 Dec 1963  Tulsi Giri (1st time)              (b. 1926 - d. 2018)  Non-party                              (first minister to 2 Apr 1963)  23 Dec 1963 - 26 Feb 1964  Surya Bahadur Thapa (1st time)     (b. 1928 - d. 2015)  Non-party 26 Feb 1964 - 26 Jan 1965  Tulsi Giri (2nd time)              (s.a.)               Non-party 26 Jan 1965 -  7 Apr 1969  Surya Bahadur Thapa (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Non-party  7 Apr 1969 - 13 Apr 1970  Kirti Nidhi Bista (1st time)       (b. 1927 - d. 2017)  Non-party 13 Apr 1970 - 14 Apr 1971  King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (s.a.)               Non-party                              (2nd time) 13 Apr 1970 - 14 Apr 1971  Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari       (b. 1923 - d. 1994)  Non-party                              (first minister) (acting)14 Apr 1971 - 16 Jul 1973  Kirti Nidhi Bista (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Non-party 16 Jul 1973 -  1 Dec 1975  Nagendra Prasad Rijal (1st time)   (b. 1927 - d. 1994)  Non-party  1 Dec 1975 - 12 Sep 1977  Tulsi Giri (3rd time)              (s.a.)               Non-party 12 Sep 1977 - 30 May 1979  Kirti Nidhi Bista (3rd time)       (s.a.)               Non-party 30 May 1979 - 12 Jul 1983  Surya Bahadur Thapa (3rd time)     (s.a.)               Non-party 12 Jul 1983 - 21 Mar 1986  Lokendra Bahadur Chand (1st time)  (b. 1940)            Non-party 21 Mar 1986 - 15 Jun 1986  Nagendra Prasad Rijal (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Non-party                              (acting)  15 Jun 1986 -  6 Apr 1990  Marich Man Singh Shrestha          (b. 1942 - d. 2013)  Non-party  6 Apr 1990 - 19 Apr 1990  Lokendra Bahadur Chand (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Non-party 19 Apr 1990 - 26 May 1991  Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (1st time)(b. 1924 - d. 2011)  NC 26 May 1991 - 30 Nov 1994  Girija Prasad Koirala (1st time)   (s.a.)               NC  30 Nov 1994 - 12 Sep 1995  Man Mohan Adhikari                 (b. 1920 - d. 1999)  CPN-UML 12 Sep 1995 - 12 Mar 1997  Sher Bahadur Deuba (1st time)      (b. 1946)            NC  12 Mar 1997 -  7 Oct 1997  Lokendra Bahadur Chand (3rd time)  (s.a.)               RPP   7 Oct 1997 - 15 Apr 1998  Surya Bahadur Thapa (4th time)     (s.a.)               RPP 15 Apr 1998 - 31 May 1999  Girija Prasad Koirala (2nd time)   (s.a.)               NC  31 May 1999 - 22 Mar 2000  Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (2nd time)(s.a.)               NC  22 Mar 2000 - 26 Jul 2001  Girija Prasad Koirala (3rd time)   (s.a.)               NC 26 Jul 2001 -  4 Oct 2002  Sher Bahadur Deuba (2nd time)      (s.a.)               NC   4 Oct 2002 - 11 Oct 2002  King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah     (s.a.)               Non-party                              Deva (1st time) 11 Oct 2002 -  5 Jun 2003  Lokendra Bahadur Chand (4th time)  (s.a.)               RPP  5 Jun 2003 -  3 Jun 2004  Surya Bahadur Thapa (5th time)     (s.a.)               RPP  3 Jun 2004 -  1 Feb 2005  Sher Bahadur Deuba (3rd time)      (s.a.)               NC  1 Feb 2005 - 30 Apr 2006  King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah     (s.a.)               Non-party                              Deva (2nd time) 30 Apr 2006 - 18 Aug 2008  Girija Prasad Koirala (4th time)   (s.a.)               NC 18 Aug 2008 - 25 May 2009  Pushpa Kamal Dahal "Prachanda"     (b. 1954)            CPN-M                              (1st time)25 May 2009 -  6 Feb 2011  Madhav Kumar Nepal                 (b. 1953)            CPN-UML  6 Feb 2011 - 29 Aug 2011  Jhalanath Nath Khanal              (b. 1950)            CPN-UML 29 Aug 2011 - 14 Mar 2013  Baburam Bhattarai                  (b. 1954)            CPN-M 14 Mar 2013 - 11 Feb 2014  Khil Raj Regmi (acting)            (b. 1949)            Non-party                              (chairman of cabinet) 11 Feb 2014 - 12 Oct 2015  Sushil Koirala                     (b. 1939 - d. 2016)  NC 16 Jun 2014 - 22 Jul 2014  Bam Dev Gautam                     (b. 1944)            CPN-UML                              (acting for absent Koirala) 12 Oct 2015 -  4 Aug 2016  Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli (1st time)(b. 1952)            CPN-UML  4 Aug 2016 -  7 Jun 2017  Pushpa Kamal Dahal "Prachanda"     (s.a.)               CPN-M                              (2nd time)  7 Jun 2017 - 15 Feb 2018  Sher Bahadur Deuba (4th time)      (s.a.)               NC 15 Feb 2018 -              Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli (2nd time)(s.a.)           CPN-UML;2018 NCP   British Residents 1802 - Mar 1803            William Hunter Douglas Knox        (b. 1762 - d. 1829)                              (East India Company resident) 1803 - 1816                Vacant  17 Apr 1816 - 1816         John Peter Boileau (acting)        (b. 1790 - d. 1818) 1816 - 1829                Edward Gardner                     (b. 1784 - d. 1861) 1829 - 1831                Brian Houghton Hodgson (1st time)  (b. 1800 - d. 1894)                              (acting) 1831 - 1833                Thomas Herbert Maddock             (b. 1792 - d. 1870) 1833 - 1843                Brian Houghton Hodgson (2nd time)  (s.a.) 1843 - 1845                Henry Lawrence                     (b. 1806 - d. 1857) 1845 - 1847                John Russell Colvin                (b. 1807 - d. 1857) 1847 - 1850                Charles Thoresby                   (d. 1862) 1850 - 1852                John Cadwallader Erskine           (b. 1804 - d. 1882) 1852 - 1867                George Ramsay                      (b. 1812 - d. 1887) 1867 - 1872                Richard Charles Lawrence           (b. 1817 - d. 1896)  1872 - 1888                Charles Edward Ridgway Girdlestone (b. 1839 - d. 1889) 1888 - 1891                Edward Law Durand                  (b. 1845 - d. 1920)  1891 - 1899                Henry Wylie                        (b. 1844 - d. 1918) 1899                       Archibald Mungo Muir               (b. 1847 - d. 1899) 1899 - 1901                William Loch                       (b. 1846 - d. 1901) 1901 - 1902                Thomas Caldwell Pears              (b. 1851 - d. 1921) Mar 1902 - 1905            Charles Withers Ravenshaw          (b. 1851 - d. 1935) 1905 - 1916                John Manners Smith                 (b. 1864 - d. 1920) 1912 - 1914                Herbert Lionel Showers             (b. 1861 - d. 1916)                              (acting for Smith) 1916 - 1918                Steuart Farquharson Bayley         (b. 1863 - d. 1938) 1918 - 1923                William Frederick Travers          (b. 1870 - d. 1943)                              O'Connor (from 1920, Envoy)   ¹Style of Licchavi rulers from c.1200: Rajadhiraja Paramesvara Paramabhattaraka Sri Sri N.N. Vijayarajye Nepala. Territorial Disputes: Joint border commission continues to work on contested sections of boundary with India, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of illegal cross-border activities; approximately 106,000 Bhutanese Lhotshampas (Hindus) have been confined in refugee camps in southeastern Nepal since 1990. Party abbreviations (political parties banned 15 Dec 1960 - 19 Apr 1990): NC = Nepalese Congress (social-democratic, anti-Rana, est.1950); NCP = Nepalese Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist communist, federalist, democratic centralist, merger of CPN-M and CPN-UML, est.17 May 2018); RPP = Rastriya Prajatantra Party (National Democratic Party, liberal conservative, est.1990);- Former parties: CPN-M = Communist Party of Nepal - Maoist Centre (communist, Marxist-Leninist-Maoist, Communist Party of Nepal [Maoist] 1994-2009, as Unified Communist Party of Nepal [Maoist] 2009-2016, 1994-17 May 2018, merged into NCP); CPN-UML = Nepal Kamyunist Parti - Ekikrit Marksvadi ra Leninvadi (Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist, communist, 1991-17 May 2018, merged into NCP); NPP = Nepal Praja Parishad (Nepal People's Council, anti-Rana, social-democratic, 1936-1960); RP = Rastriya Praja Parishad (National People's Party, conservative, split from NC, 1952-1959); UDP = Samyukta Prajatantra Parishad (United Democratic Party, democratic monarchist, K.I. Singh personalist, 1955-1959) Mustang (Mastang) Former Royal Flag  to 7 Oct 2008    Map of Mastang Hear Local Anthem None National Anthem(the anthem of Nepal) Constitution(the constitution of Nepal) Capital: Lo (Lo Manthang) Currency: Nepalese Rupee (NPR)  Local Holiday: N/A Population: 13,452 (2011) 15,869 (2008) GDP: $ N/A (included in Nepal figure) Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A (included in Nepal figures) Ethnic groups: Bahra Gaunle, Brahmin, Chhetri, Darjee, Gurung, Kami, Loba,  Magar, Tamang, Thakali Total Armed Forces: None Defense was the Responsibility of Nepal Merchant marine: None Religions: Buddhist 58.7%, Hindu 39.1%, others 1.2% International Organizations/Treaties: None c.1350                     Kingdom of Mastang under the alternating suzerainty                               of Tibet and later Jumla. 1544 - 1560                Occupied by Jumla. 1790                       Under suzerainty of Nepal.  9 Apr 1961                State formally abolished by Nepal, but royalty continues. 5 Oct 1961                Nepal-China boundary treaty confirms inclusion within Nepal.  7 Oct 2008                Traditional kingship abolished by Nepal. Kings (title Glo rgyal-po) 1656 - 1710                Sa-dbang                           (b. c.1639 - d. 17..) 1711 - 1723                Tshe-dbang (Je Ang)                (d. bf.1725) 1723 - c.1728              bKra-shis-rnam-rgyal               (d. c.1728)                              (Krathis Namgyal) c.1728 - c.1750            bsTan-'dzin-dbang-rgyal            (b. c.1717 - d. c.1750)                              (Tenzing Anjia) c.1728 - 1734              Nor-dzin bde-legs                  (d. af.1735)                              dbang-mo (f) -Regent c.1750 - 1797              dBang-rgyal-rdo-rje (Anjia Dorje)  (b. c.1738 - d. 1797) 1797 - 1815                bKra-shis-sñin-po (Krathis Ningpo) 1815 - 1837                'Jam-dpal-dgra-'ldus               (d. 1837)                              (Jampel Traldus) 1837 - 1857                Kun-dga'-nor-bu (Kunga Norbu)      (d. 1857) 1857 - 1863                'Jam-dbyangs-dban-'dus             (d. 1863)                              (Jamian Angdu)  1857 - 1863                rGyal-mo bKra-shis                               bu-khrid (f) -Regent 1863 - 1893                dNgos-grub-dpal-'bar               (d. 1893) 1863 - 1868                rGyal-mo Tshe-mchog                (d. 1871)                              sGrol-ma (f) -Regent 1893 - 1935                'Jam-dbyangs-dpal-'bar             (d. 1935)                              (Jambian Pelbar) 1935 - 1955                A-mgon-bsTan-'dzin-dgra-'dul       (b. 1923 - d. 1964)                              (1st time)(Angun Tenzing Trandul)  1955 - 1958                A-ngdu-sñin-po (Angdu Nyingpo)     (b. 19.. - d. 1958) 1958 - 1964                A-mgon-bsTan-'dzin-dgra-'dul       (s.a.)                              (2nd time)  1964 -  7 Oct 2008         'Jigs-med-rdo-rje-dgra-'dul        (b. 1930 - d. 2016)                              (= 'Jigs-med-dpal-'bar Bista)                               (Jigme Palbar Bista) © Ben Cahoon

REVENGE NEPALI LOVE STORY BY BINOD KHANAL /रिभेन्ज नेपाली प्रेम कथा

                                    रिभेन्ज

                            कथासङ्ग्रह "रिभेन्ज"
      बगैचा तवसम्म अाकर्षक हुदैन जवसम्म फुलहरु फुल्दैनन् ।फुलहरु तवसम्म अाकर्षक हुदैनन् जवसम्म फक्रेर सुवास फैलिदैन ।जब बगैचा ,फुल र सुवासको मेल हुन्छ तब सवैका अाँखा त्यतै चर्न पुग्दछन् ।जतिसुकै तर्केर हिड्न खोजेपनि मन त्यही पुगिहाल्दछ ।अाफ्नै बगैचाका फुल जब फुल्छन् बल्ल त्यसको महत्त्व तथा सुन्दर्ता थाहा हुन्छ त्यस्तै भो मेरो चाटुकार(प्रेमका कुराकहानी) ।

चारवर्ष सङ्गसङ्गै बित्यो । ऊ मेरो नजरमा साथी भन्दा माथि कहिल्यै पुग्न सकिने ।उ पुग्न नसकेको भनौँ वा पुग्न नदिएको मेरो रोजाइका गुण सम्भवतः उसमा थिएनन् । त्यसैले उ सिढीको तल्लो भागमै अड्किएर बस्न बाध्य थिई ।नाउ उत्रदैन भने त्यसमा जलयात्रा गर्नुको के अौचित्य । उस्लाई सिढी चढ्न नदिन मेरा रोजाईका गुणहरु पर्खाल बनेर बसेका थिए; भिषण मुर्तिधारी कालो नाग बनेर हलचल भए डस्न । उ पनि कहिल्यै त्यो नागसँग जुध्न चाहिने ।उ त्यहि खुड्किलामै अानन्दपूर्वक रहि, एयाक्रमको माछासरि ।

सातौश्रेणीमा भर्खर पुगेको थिए ।स्कुलमा नौँमा पढ्न नयाँ केटीको प्रवेश भो । म फुलको जातसँग भन्दा फुलसँग लोभिने । बोट चिन्नु भन्दा फल खानपाए खुसिहुने । उसको रुपरङ्ग शारीरिक बनोट सानोमा खाने पिपलगेडी जस्तै लाग्यो ।देख्ने बित्तिकै खाउखाउ लाग्ने । म मा स्त्रि प्यासको ठूलो रोग मन बाध्नै सक्दैनथे ।त्यसैले सकभर टाढैबाट भएपनि प्यास मेट्ने प्रयत्न गर्थे ।प्यास मेट्ने क्रममा एकदिन रविनले प्रस्ताव गर्यो "दाइ फुललाई नै थाहा छैन भने लुकिछिपी रस चुस्नुको के मज्जा ?बरु बताइदिनु ।"
उसको कुरा ठिकै लाग्यो ।क्षणिक छलफलपछि उसले प्रस्ताव बोकेर केटिलाई भन्न गयो ।

उ फर्कियो ।उ सँग कुनै प्रतिक्रिया फर्किएन ।उ निशव्द अायो ।
***
भोलिपल्ट तेस्रो प्रियड खालि थियो ।वालमा बसेर उस्लाई नियाल्दै थिए । सुजनको अागमन भयो ।उ मेरो नजिकको मित्र ।हामीले साथमा धेरै समय साथमा स्पेण्ड गर्थ्यौँ । साथी भएपनि दाजुभाइ जस्तै ।पढ्ने लेवल पनि समान ।
"बिजय , नयाँ केटी अाइछे देखिस त ?"
"अ ! किन ? "
"लास्ट राम्री छे यार ; मिलाईदेन ।"
उसले यस्तो चिज माग्यो जुन दिन हृदयनै कठोर पार्नुपर्छ ।खानलाई मुखमै पुर्याएको गाँस कसरी दिनु ।नदिऊ भने वर्षौंदेखिको सम्बन्ध बिग्रने डर ।
"बिचार गर्छु ।"
"के बिचार गर्नु, गएर मिलाइदेन ।"
मलाई सुजनले गहिरो खाडलमा धकेलिदियो ।म खाडलमै रहेर भएपनि उस्लाई खुसी पार्नु थियोे ।साथीको नाताले केही देन गर्नु थियो । हुन त ! अाफ्नो प्रतिष्ठा पनि त जमाउनु पर्यो ।भोलिबाट पनि उनिहरुसँगै रहनु छ । स्वार्थसिद्धीको नकाप अोढेर कहाँ बस्न सक्नु । अाफ्नै मनलाई सानत्वना दिदै लागे मिलाइदिन ।
"सुन न !"
"अ, भन"
"त्यो हिज भाईले भनेको म हैन उ त्यो सुजन हो है । उस्ले तिम्लाई लाइक गर्छ रे ;"
"ए"
उस्ले सजिलै कुरा टालेर अाफ्नै गफमा लिप्त भई । म फर्कनु सिवाय अरु केही बिकल्प मेरा सामु थिएन । जवर्जस्ती माया गर भनेर डर दिनु पनि त भएन ।उस्लेनै कुनै रिएक्सन नदेखाएपछि मेरो के लाग्नु ।

सुजनको जोडी मिलाइदिन ठुलै संघर्ष झेल्नुपर्यो । ठुलै नभएपनि सानोतिनो राजनीति गर्नु पर्यो ।दिदी बहिनी साथीभाई सबैको मद्दत लिनु पर्यो ।नेट इन्टरनेटमार्फत केटी पट्याउने शुत्र पनि प्रयोग गरियो ।महिनौंपछि मिसनले positive किनारा पायो । दुवै एक्यवद्ध भए ।दुई नदिको मेल भएझैं ।
***
स्कुल जाने फर्कने क्रममा सुजन र म सँगै जान्थ्यौँ ।हाँसो ठट्टा गर्दै स्कुल अाउजाउ गर्नुको मज्जा नै बेग्लै तर पछि हाम्रो दैनिकीमा अवरोध निम्तियो ।उ सँग स्कुल जान फर्कन पाइएन । उ सुज्यानसँगै हिड्न थाल्यो ।म एक्लै भए । कुरा गर्ने पनि कोही भएन ।सुज्यानसँगै सर्मिला पनि हिड्ने गर्थी ।उ पनि एक्लि । सुज्यान र सुजन अघिअघि हामी दुई पछिपछि ।हाम्रो त्यति कुरा नहुने । उनिहरुले हामिलाई जिस्काई रहन्थे । काम पर्दा बोल्दा पनि उनिहरुको नजरमा हामीले प्रेमिल कुरा गरेका हुन्थ्यौँ । पानी पर्दा छाता, प्यास लाग्दा पानी share गर्नु पनि उनिहरुको नजरमा प्रेममय हुन्थ्यो ।

मन कतिबेला बद्लिन्छ पत्तै नहुने । बर्खाको अाकास झैँ क्षणभरमै बादल डम्म ढाकिने र क्षणभरमै खुलेर छ्याङ्ग ।
पहाडका खोचहरुमा झैँ क्षेणभरमै हुस्सु गुम्म हुने र क्षेणभरमै सफा । मन धेरै परिवर्तनशिल ।अाफु बदलिनु अगावै कसैलाई जानकार नगराउने ।कसैलाई समावेश गर्नु अगावै संकेत नदिने ।सानातिना कुराहरूबाटै परिवर्तन हुने मनले सर्मिलालाई समाहित गरिसकेछ ।चारचार वर्ष लिन नसकेको स्थान दिइसकेछ ।ती फणाधारी भुजाङ्ग नागहरु मौन बसेछन् ।उस्लाई सजिलै सिढी उक्लन दिएछन् ।ती मेरा रोजाइका गुणहरु थिए थिएनन् जान्न सम्म पाइएन ।उस्लाई यो मनले चोखो प्रेम गर्न थालिसकेछ ।मन मन्दिरमा सजाई सकेछ सर्वशक्तिमान ईश्वरलाई झैँ ।
***
फुल फुलेपछि झर्छ नै ।दिन ढलेपछि रात हुन्छ नै ।यो शृष्टिमा मिलन पछि बिछोड हुन्छ नै । कहिले छिटो कहिले ढिलो त्यो त समयकै खेल । हामी त मात्र त्यसका पात्र ।अाफ्नो अभिनय निभाउनु पर्ने के कस्तो भुमिका हो त्यसमै निर्भर भएर । अाठ महिना प्रेममय नै बित्यो ।हामी प्रेमिल जोडी भएर अाफ्नो भुमिका प्रस्तुत गर्यौ ।शारीरिक सम्बन्ध बाहेक हामिबिच सवै बाडिए ।भावना बाडिए । दु:ख बाडिए । सुख बाडिए । सकेसम्म धित पुराएरै भुमिका कडक प्रस्तुत गर्यौ तर समयले कहाँ भूमिका परिवर्तन गर्न दिदोरहेछ र ? अाठको अन्तिम परिक्षाको अन्तिम विषय दिएर फर्कदै थियौँ ।धापासी, कृष्ण मन्दिर रोडमा उ टक्क अडिई ।
"के भो ? हिड न !"
"बिजय ,अब हामी relationship मा नबसौँ है ।"
"हँ ! के भनेको ? नजिस्क न " म अचम्म परे यस्तो बिषय कहाँबाट अायो । न हामीबिच मनमुटाव थियोे न त कुनै परिस्थिति ।
"हो , साच्चै अब हामी relationship मा नवसौँ ।"
"के भयो र?" झनक्क रिस उठ्यो ।
"केही भाको छैन ।"
रिसको अावेगले भित्रभित्रै ज्वार पैदा गर्दै थियोे 'झापड लगाए ।'
"जा खातेनी, सबै केटी हुन्छौं ।पहिले प्रेम पछि धोका ।"कुनै कारण विना relation break हुन त नपर्ने हो ।
उ त्यसपश्चात हिलेपानीमा छाडेको माछा सरि लापत्ता भई ।कतै बाट फोन ,म्यासेज गरिने ।कसैले उसको बारे कुरा उठाएनन् ।छापामार हराए जस्तै उ पनि कहाँ गई अत्तोपत्तो भएन ।उ कहिल्यै त्यो क्षेत्रमा देखिने ।
***
फुल फुलेर झरेपनि अर्को रितुमा पुन फुल्छ ।बादलले जतिसुकै अाकास ढाकेपनि वर्षापछि खुल्छ ।भन्छन् पृथ्वी गोलो छ त्यसैले होला उ दुईवर्ष पछि फेसबुकमा देखिन थाली ।
पानी जमेर हिउँ बनेपनि एकदिन पग्लनै पर्छ ।मन पनि त्यस्तै रहेछ कठोर पारेपनि पग्लने ।तर्केर कति बस्न सक्थे ? उ सँग पुन कुरा हुन थाल्यो ।उसले पढ्न गाउँ जानू परेकाले म सँग टाढा भएकि रे ।उस्लाई पढाईमा राम्रो गर्नु रहेछ रे ।उसले उपर्यूक्त रिजन दिएजस्तो लाग्यो । हाम्रो पुन भावनात्मक सम्बन्ध स्थापना भो ।
"बिजय ,यहाँ अा त ।" दिदीले मलाई बोलाई ।फेसबुकमा फोटोमा गरेका कमेन्ट देखाउदै सोधी ।
" त पुन उ सँगै relation मा छस् ।"
म चुपचाप रहे । बोल्ने कुनै हिम्मत जुरेन ।उस्ले बिगतका एकएक पल सम्झाई ।"त्यो धापासीको बिच रोड, उसले भनेका ती कठोर शव्दहरु, ती मानिसहरू जस्ले हामीलाई नियालिरहेका थिए ।"
मेरो मानस्पटल अकस्मात परिवर्तन भयो ।तिजमा चेलिहरु नाचेझै पालैपालो नाच्न थाले हरेक चित्रहरु ।म रुमतर्फ गए ।चुरोट सल्काउदै उस्लाई फोन लगाए ।
"सर्मिला, भेट्न अाउन सक्छौ ?"
"किन ,साझ अाउला नि ।"
"ल ल ... कहाँ ?"
"धापासी कृष्ण मन्दिर अघि।"
साझ बाटोमा मोटरहरु एकनासले चलिरहेका थिए ।सधैंको बाटो, सधैंकै सुर्यास्त भएपनि केही भिन्न लाग्दै थ्यो ।सर्मिला, त्यहि अस्वभाविक बाताबरणमा सामेल भई। म पनि त्यहि सामेल भएको थिए ।
"किन बोलाएको ? केही काम छ ?"
"सर्मिला ,अब हामी relation मा नबसौँ है?"
हँ....। ऊ माथी ठुलै बज्रपात भएझैं अनुहार खुम्च्याई अाँखाबाट अाशु झार्दै "are you serious "उसले मलिन स्वरले प्रश्न तेर्साइ ।
"yes" यति भन्दै म पछि हटे ।उ थचक्क बसी । भिडभाडमा त्यो दृश्य comfortable थिएन ।उसको रुवाई वारिपारिबाट सबैले नियाल्दै थिए ।मैले मेरो रिभेन्ज लिए। केही छुटेको ,केही गुमाएको अनुभुति पनि भयो तर उ कहि चुकी कि ? कि त मै चुके ? यहीँ प्रश्नले कहिलेकाही झस्काउँछ ।
समाप्त
लेखकद्दय विनोद खनालको एक नया अायामसहित ।
लेखकको अनुमतिबिना कुनैपनि माध्यमबाट प्रकासन तथा प्रशारण गर्न पुर्ण रोक रहेको जानकारी गराउछौँ।

"Rice" by jhumpa lahiri summary

“Rice” by Jhumpa Lahiri

Summary:

In her essay, “Rice,” Jhumpa Lahiri describes her father behavior and his everyday routine from morning to night. Lahiri shows her admiration when she explains all about her dad and his way of making Pulao. Lahiri explains the way her dad makes the pulao in every detail. Even knowing all the ingredients to her dad pulao Lahiri will not consider making it. The pulao was such a demanding dish that every person would request it for any occasion it was, he would make it for more than just your average family celebration. Lahiri describes the difference when her son and daughter celebrated their first annaprasan with the same pulao her dad makes. Lahiri has such an admiration for her dad’s way of always keeping a positive attitude. She learned how to respect and admire her dad’s decisions and the passion he had towards making his favorite dish.

Critical Response:

When you talk about someone close to you in such detailed it shows the love and admiration one has for that certain individual. How one person can make a difference in another’s lives. As many obstacles one person can have, if one is determined to make it one can achieve it. No matter if you don’t have everything you need one can manage to accomplish it by using what you have at hand. When i was small my dad would always takes us to my grandparents house because they’re our favorite foods will always be cook. My dad will always say “never lose sight of who you are and where you come from”. Learning from your mistakes takes time and determination. I do my best to raise my children with my family’s culture and traditions to always be fair and with a positive attitude towards anything that is thrown to us.

Summary on "my mother never worked" by bonnie smith yackle

In the essay “My Mother Never Worked,” Bonnie Smith-Yackel recollects the time when she called Social Security to claim her mother’s death benefits. Social Security places Smith-Yackel on hold so they can check their records on her mother, Martha Jerabek Smith. While waiting, she remembers the many things her mother did, and the compassion her mother felt towards her husband and children. When Social Security returns to the phone, they tell Smith-Yackel that she could not receive her mother’s death benefits because her mother never had a wage earning job.

A tremendous amount of irony is used in this essay. The title, in itself, is full of irony; it makes readers curious about the essay’s point and how the author feels about the situation. Smith-Yackel uses the essay to convey her opinion of work. Her thesis is not directly stated; however, she uses detail upon detail to prove her mother did work, just not in the eyes of the government. Although her mother never was employed at a public or private business, she worked at home relentlessly. During the day, she worked on the farm, cooked for her family, and cleaned the house; at night, she sewed rugs and clothes for her children. Martha Smith continued to sew and plant a garden in her old age as well as when her children were grown and on their own. The passing of time was revealed in the years Smith-Yackel’s siblings were born. They were also revealed in the passing of seasons for farming.

I think this essay was very unique; she uses irony repeatedly in her essay. It keeps you interested throughout the essay and even after I finished. I wondered what her response was to the person at the Social Security Office after they said, “Well you see-your mother never worked.” Even though she didn’t express her feelings about not getting any benefits from her mother’s death, I can tell that she was upset and shocked that the government overlooked the work her mother did daily. Smith-Yackel uses the telephone conversation as a frame for the essay, which is very interesting. It makes the story a little more realistic and it closes the essay nicely.

Summary on "Only Daughter" by Sandra Cisneros

Summary on "Only Daughter" by

 Sandra Cisneros

The story "Only Daughter" by Sandra Cisneros is about being the only daughter out of seven children. The author tells us how she sometimes felt left out because her father would always tell everyone he was the father of seven sons, not because he had seven sons but because thats how it would sound like in spanish. She also felt left out because none of her six brothers would play with her because they didn't want to be seen playing with a girl. As they grew up all seven of them went to college and had impressive careers. The author's father would praise his sons for being doctors but was disappointed when his daughter graduated from college without a husband. The author's father was glad she had received an education but always expected her to be married and have her own family. To know her father's expectations of her the author was glad that her father never gave her a hard time about her decision to major in English, even though she would have liked for him to ask her what she was writing every once in a while. The author wanted to make her father proud of her. She made him proud by one day sharing a book that she had written and it made her happy when he asked where he could get a copy of her book for the relatives.

I enjoyed this text because I know what it is like to grow up with a large family. The author was the only daughter out of seven children and she felt alone a lot of the time. I am the oldest child out of four girls and I also spent time alone because two of my sisters are closer to each other, the youngest one is seven years younger than I am and my step brother is constantly on his cell phone talking to a bunch of girls. My parents don't question me about my major, they only want me to be happy with the career I am pursuing and to one day have my own family.

राहतमा कमजोरी कि चलखेल ?

छत्रदेव-३अर्घाखाँची, विश्वभर महामारीको रुपमा फैलिरहेको COVID-19 ले नेपालमा प्रभाव देखिन साथ प्रयासरत कार्यकै उदाहरण हो LOCKDOWN जसको प्रभाव धनी गरिव सबैमा परेको छ । देशभर अत्यावश्यक जीवनयापनका निम्ति खाध्यान्न बितरण गर्ने प्रयास चलिरहदा गरिब जनताबाट भने सन्तुष्टिको घनिभूत नभएको पाइन्छ । मजदुर तथा कमजोर आर्थिक अवस्थामा रहेका छत्रदेव-३ अर्घाखाँचीका जनताले राहत अाफ्नो-पनबाटै वितरण भएको बताउँछन् । राहतका निम्ति छुट्टयाइएको रकमबाट राहतसामाग्री वितरण पुर्व नाम लेखाउने परिपाटी जसमा सुचनाको अभावले सम्पूर्ण अार्थीक विपन्न जनताले दर्ता गर्न नसक्नु कमजोरी हो या चलखेल ? यो चिन्ताको विषयमा निम्तिएको छ ।"के विपन्नले दर्ता नगरे राहत दिन मिल्दैन ? करका समयमा त खोजिखोजि तिराईन्छ सबैलाई अाखिर किन खोजिएन राहत बितरणमा ?" स्थानीय राम बि.क.ले कड्किएर सोधे तर स्थानीय गाउँपालिका प्रमुख भने माक्स तथा खाध्यान्न वितरण प्रभावकारी र व्यवस्थित भएको बताउँछन् । समाचारहरुमा पनि गाउँपालिका प्रमुख लेखनाथ पोख्रेल चयन भएपछि मुहार परिवर्तन भएको दर्शाउँदै बल्कोट पौवालाई सङ्केत गरेको पाईन्छ जवकि सो मर्मत तथा अस्पतालका निम्ति वृहत् महायज्ञ भएको सबैलाई अवगत छ । राहतकै विषयमा नाम दर्ता नभएको अवस्थामा एकले अर्का पदाधिकारीलाई इङ्कित गर्दै समय बर्बाद गरिदिने स्थानीय युवा केशव पाण्डेले जानकारी दिए ।उनले हाम्रा सञ्चारकर्मी सँग भने "मिडियाहरु मौन छन् , बोल्नखोज्नेलाई सहयोग गरेझैं गरि चुप बनाइन्छ , राहत बाड्ने खवर सम्म गर्दैनन् ।" यसबाट के स्पष्ट हुन्छ कि पदवाला, बोल्नसक्ने र सञ्चार एउटै वर्गका हुदा दोस्रो तह अर्थात विपन्न वर्ग मर्कामै रहेको पाइन्छ ।

विकासको अवधारणा कहाँ छ?

अर्घाखाँची , देश निर्माण गर्ने प्रतिवद्दता सँगै राजनितिक पथ तय गर्ने हाम्रा बुज्रुक जसलाई बिकाशको शाव्दिक अर्थसम्म थाहा हुदैन उदाहरणका लागि अर्घाखाँचीको हिले देउराली हुँदै खनदह जोड्ने बाटोलाई लिन सकिन्छ । देशको राष्ट्रिय बजेट लापर्वाही साथ यसरी खर्च हुदापनि कानुनको दायरा फराकिलो नहुनु प्रमुख लज्जास्पद कुरा हो । बिद्यालय स्तरमा दिगो विकासका अवधारणा सिकाइ रहदा दर्जनौं कच्ची र अब्यवस्थित सडकले गाउँ पुग्न सकिनेलाई बिकास बुझ्ने हाम्रो संस्कृति त्यसकै बदलामा प्राकृतिक स्रोतको बचावटमा गएको एक सु-व्यवस्थापन बाटोलाई बिकाश मान्दैन । देशको अार्थिक बजेट दिनानुदिन चिन्ताको घेरामा गईरहदा पनि बिकासको नाउमा नामका निम्ति वेपर्वाह खर्च गर्ने प्रचलनले अाज बन क्षेत्र अनावश्यक विनाशको चपेटामा परेको छ । हाम्रा पत्रकार राम बस्नेतका अनुसार अरुले खोलेको बाटो बनाउदा अाफ्नो नाम अोझेल पर्ने तथा अाफ्नो पनबाट बिचौलिया संकृतिको उदण्डताले समाज बिकासको नाउमा विनाशको चपेटामा धकेलिएको जानकारी दिनुभयो ।समाजमा भ्रष्टाचारका विरुद्ध अावाज निकाल्ने जनप्रतिनिधि नहुदा समाज मौन रहेको स्थानीय रमेश थापाले जानकारी दिनुभयो । ३५ हजार घन मिटरका निमित्त ढाई करोड परेकोमा प्राकृतिक भूमिमा असर सँगै प्रयोग विहिन यश बाटोले सवैको मजाकको केन्द्र बनेको छ । पिनि अर्घाखाँचीमा घटेको यो राष्ट्रिय बजेटअनावश्यक फजुल खर्चबारे उच्चस्तरीय सरकार मौन रहनुले कतै उच्चस्तरबाटै प्रेरणा त मिल्दैन भन्ने चासोको बिषय बनेको छ ।

How to register ngo and ingo in Nepal?

Want to make a difference in the community? Are you planning to register NGO? But wait, are you clear with your organizational vision? Maybe you are but you might be unaware that more than 70,000 non-profit organizations/charities exist in Nepal and only 20% of the organizations are functioning effectively and the rest of them are only on paper. The reasons being lack of funding, dedication, motivation, support, etc. So, be very sure if you really want to register a new NGO. You might consider partnering with existing NGOs to work on the projects you have in your mind. You do not just want to go through all the hassles and end up on papers in a few years. If you have a real passion and dedication to give back to the community, then no doubt your organization will be different from the rest.

Also Read: How to Start an NGO

Registering NGO in Nepal

Most of the people complain about the confusion and complications with the procedure of registering an NGO in Nepal. Here we try to make your task easy with our step by step guidelines.

NGO in Nepal is registered under the District Administration Office (DAO) present in 77 districts. You also need PAN Number from the Inland Revenue Department and list your NGO under the Social Welfare Council (SWC). SWC is a government body established to coordinate and facilitate NGOs and INGOs in Nepal, in order to obtain the tax exemption and other specified facilities accorded by the Government. Registering under Social Welfare Council is also important to able to receive a donation, whether it is from the government, bilateral/multilateral or individual donor.

The registration must be renewed every fiscal year (Ashad-Shrawan).

Let’s Start the Registration Process

Step 1: Forming a Team and Documents You Need

• Form a Board of members with at least 7 people holding Nepali citizenship: 1 President, 1 Vice- President, 1 Secretary, 1 Treasurer, 3+ Members.
• Collect copies of citizenship, passport photos and character report from Nepal Police of all members from respective districts of origin.
• Set up formal documentation of your organizational goals and mission, and form a bylaw (Bidhan): Memorandum of Association as well as Article of Association of your organization, with the help of your team or, hire a lawyer.
• Prepare the Minutes (in a register note) of the 1st meeting of the members of the NGO, stating the decision to open an NGO and why. Specify the names of board members and their role, mission, objective and source of funding. Every page needs to be signed by Board members. Also, include at least 3 signatures of witnesses.
• Draft rent agreement. Even if you are planning to start your NGO from your home, you will need this to validate the location of your NGO. Also, do not forget to include a copy of the citizenship of the house owner. If the house is under your name, you will need a copy of Land Ownership Certificate (lalpurja) too.
• Do not forget to prepare rubber stamps with your organization’s name and logo- Yes, before registering. You will need it on every application you fill in from now on.
• Consider the budget aspect. The total cost to register an NGO will come around 10,000 (not including the lawyer’s consultancy fee).

Tip: File at least 5 copies of each document- you do not want to run around finding a photocopy machine.

Step 2: Ward Office

You will need the “Recommendation Letter” from ward office. The ward office varies with the location and address of your organization. You need to submit an application for the recommendation letter with copies of the above-mentioned documents. The application should be signed by the president and stamped. If you have already designed a letter pad for your organization you can use it, if not plain A4 size paper is acceptable.

 3: District Coordination Committee Office (Jilla Samanwaya Samiti)

After you receive a recommendation letter from ward office, you need to submit an application to the District Coordination Committee for “Certificate of Registration”. An application form is provided by District Cooperate Committee. Attach the required document.

Step 4: District Administration Office

Here is where you will receive the registration number for your NGO. You will need to fill in five copies of application forms provided by the District Administration office. Please also keep the soft copy of your Bidhan handy because sometimes they ask us for a soft copy for their records.

Step 5: Social Welfare Council (Samajh Kalyan Parishad)

Visit the Social Welfare Council (SWC) to get the Affiliation Certificate. You need to fill in the application form provided by SWC and submit it with copies of recommendation letter from ward office, certificate of registration from the District Coordination Committee and District Administration Office with other mentioned documents.

Check: SWC’s Guideline for NGO Approval

Step 6: Inland Revenue Department

All NGO must have Permanent Account Number (PAN) card that is the ten-digit alphanumeric number under the Income Tax Act 2058 And Regulation 2059. This is a must to open a bank account under your NGO’s name to work out the finances. Before you visit the office, make sure you have a copy of minute, where it is clearly mentioned who among the Board of members will sign the application form.

You need to submit an application for Permanent Account Number (PAN) provided by Inland revenue department with copies of the above mentioned minute, Registration Certificate, citizenship and two identical passport size photos of the person who signs the application form, sketched map of the location of your main office or head office.

An inland revenue official vets your application with regard to correctness and completeness. If found correct and complete, you will receive a “Temporary Account Number Registration Certificate”. It is valid for 3 months. You will receive the “Permanent Account Number (PAN) Registration Certificate” and your “PAN Card” within 3 months.

Note: You need to pay 10% tax of Rent mentioned in Rent Agreement

———————————————————————————-

Finally, the process is completed, but before you get yourself busy working on the projects, do these steps, for future reference.

• Make copies of all the certificates you have received and file the originals somewhere safe.
• Call your first official board meeting and layout a timetable of action for getting your new project running. Do not forget to minute the decision you have made and get it signed by all members.
• Let people know that you exist and what you plan to do- Build a website and open social media account.

Now, get your new project running.

NGO Renewal Process

All NGOs’ registration must be renewed annually at:

• The Tax office,
• Ward office and Nagar Palika (Municipality office)
• District Administration Office and
• Social Welfare Council (every 3 years)

NGO Renewal process and documents needed

Step 1 Auditing

Hire a legal representative/Auditor to prepare an audit report.
(Note: Don’t forget to ask for Tax clarification certificate from your representative.)

Step 2 Tax Office

Documents needed: Photocopies of all the certificates, Audit report, Auditor’s tax clearance certificate, Application

Step 3 Ward office:

Documents needed: Photocopies of all the certificates, Photocopy of tax clearance, Application

Step 3 Nagarplika Office (Municipality office):
Documents needed: Photocopies of all the certificates, Photocopy of tax clearance. Photocopy of Auditor’s license & Tax certificate, Photocopy of Bidhan, Photocopy of Minute, Photocopy of Ward office application + receipt, Application

Step 4 Jilla Prasashan Office (District Administration Office) (Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday only)
Documents needed: Photocopies of all the certificates, Photocopy of tax clearance, Photocopy of Auditor’s license & Tax certificate, Photocopy of Bidhan, Photocopy of Nagarpalika, Photocopy of Minute, Upcoming year Planning, List of Board Members, Application

Step 5 Social Welfare Council (Once in every 3 years)
Documents needed: Photocopies of all the certificates, Photocopy of tax clearance, Photocopy of Auditor’s license & Tax certificate, Photocopy of Bidhan, Photocopy of Nagarpalika, Photocopy of Minute (Board member selection meeting), List of Board Members, Application

ALL THE BEST!

[Note: The article was updated in August 2019 (Shrawan 2076) based on my own experience of registering an NGO, the registration process might change according to law.]

भो नलेख प्रियसी नेपाली प्रेम कविता बिनोद खनालको रचनामा |NEPALI BEST LOVE POEM

BINOD KHANAL

भो नलेख प्रियसी

स्वार्थी यो संसारका बासिन्दालाई
तिमी र म
सायद मन पर्दैनौ
त्यसैले, हाम्रो सम्बन्धको
अतृप्त इतिहास
भो नलेख प्रियसी ।

जे हुनु विगतमै भयो
त्यो भेडिगोठको भेट
त्यो लज्जापूर्ण बातचितलाई
धेरै उजागर नगर
शिलेट ढुङ्गामा लेखेर प्रकटेको
हृदयी प्रेम प्रस्ताव
गलबन्दिले छोपेर दिएको
जीवनकै पहिलो बिशाल तोफा
जो सानै भएपनि
महिमा सर्वश्रेष्ठ थियो ।

लुकीछिपी रातका अनगिन्ती डेटहरु
एकअर्काका गहिरा बाचाहरु
भविष्यका सन्ततिका नामहरु
भयो पर्दाफास नगर
सुमन, राजु र राधिकाले देखेको
जीवनकै पहिलो चुम्बन
लुकेर नोराबी चरनमा गरेको
सानो अपर्-दर्शित बिहे
जसले जीवनको उमङ्ग दर्शायो ।

हाम्रो फुलखेल्दो जवानीको फुल
फक्रन नपाउदै अैलाउन बाध्य भयो
यो संसारले
एक हुन दिएन
जात, भात गरिबी यावत्
अनेकन् कमजोरी खोज्यो
त्यसकै अाडमा
हामीलाई दुईतिर बनायो
दुई दिलको घनिष्ट समागमलाई
जवर्जस्ति टुक्राटुक्रा बनायो
तनमन साटासाट गरेको प्रेमलाई
हाँस्यास्पद कुरा बनायो
तिमी अझ यो समाजको
यो संसारको अघि
हाम्रो अावरित प्रेमको स्मृति
पंक्तिबद्ध अनावरित गर्न चाहान्छौ?
हाम्रा बिछोडका अर्तनाद
एक-एक सुनाउन चाहान्छौ ?

यो समाजले भोलि फेरि
हामीलाई गिज्याउने छ
बाटोमा हिड्दा कठ्ठै भन्दै
उल्टै कुरा काट्ने छ
त्यसैले, हाम्रो प्रेमको अतृप्त इतिहास
भो नलेख प्रियसी ।।

#रचनाकार _बिनोद_खनाल